This is an useful report and you could be need this report for your robotics reference. This report contains 3 main parts. Part I deals with the sensors used in mobile robot positioning, while Part II discusses the methods and techniques that use these sensors. The report is organized in 9 chapters.
Part I: Sensors for Mobile Robot Positioning
1. Sensors for Dead-reckoning
2. Heading Sensors
3. Active Beacons
4. Sensors for Map-based Positioning
Sound activation or tone detector usually used for robot start activation. When a sound received by microphone in tone detector, the robot will start to move.
I’ve collected some schematic diagrams of sound activation as follow:
Sound Activation schematic 1
Sound Activation schematic 2
The object of the fire detection is to navigate the robots through a maze of walls and look into the rooms and see if there is a fire. Using a UV sensor, a flame the size of a single candle can be seen 5 meters away. The Trekker utilizes a Hamamatsu UV sensor that is mounted onto the Trekker sweeping sensor brackets. The Trekker scans the area and finds an open flame.The Hamamatsu UV TRON Flame Detector is lightweight, has low current consumption, and operates as high sensitivity UV Sensor. The UV TRON is an ultraviolet detector that makes use of the photoelectric effect of metal combined with the gas multiplication effect. It has a narrow spectral sensitivity of 185 to 260 nm. Thus it is solar blind, being completely insensitive to visible light. Unlike semiconductor detectors, it does not require optical Visible-cut filters, thus making it easy to use.
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The driver for the UV TRON is operated by applying DC low voltage and outputs a high-voltage power supply. It also contains a signal processing circuit on the same printed circuit board. Since background discharges of the UV TRON caused by natural excitation lights (such as a cosmic ray, scattered sunlight, etc.) can be cancelled in the signal processing circuit, the output signals from the C3704 series can be used without errors.UV TRON Flame detector is small, but has a wide angular sensitivity (directivity) and can reliably and quickly detect weak ultraviolet radiation emitted from a flame due to use of the metal plate cathode (e.g. it can detect the flame of a cigarette lighter at a distance of more than 5 m.). The Flame detector is well suited for use in flame detectors and fire alarms, and also in detection of invisible discharge phenomena such as corona discharge of high-voltage transmission lines. To minimize the area the sensor sees the flame, a field of view mask can be used. The shields are useful when you are trying to locate the location of the flame.
Photosensors or photodetectors are sensors of light or other electromagnetic energy. There are several varieties:
Most optical detectors are quantum devices in which an individual photon produces a discrete effect.
* Chemical detectors, such as photographic plates, in which a silver halide molecule is split into an atom of metallic silver and a halogen atom. The photographic developer causes adjacent molecules to split similarly.
* Photoresistors or Light Dependent Resistors (LDR) which change resistance according to light intensity
* Photovoltaic cells or solar cells which produce a voltage and supply an electric current when illuminated
* Photodiodes which can operate in photovoltaic mode or photoconductive mode
* Photomultiplier tubes containing a photocathode which emits electrons when illuminated, the electrons are then amplified by a chain of dynodes.
Line Follower ROBOT
Plermjai Inchuay, plermjai@loxinfo.co.th
Award winner from VingPeaw Competition 2543, the robot built with 2051, L293D, and four IR sensors. Simple circuit and platform, quick tracking and easy-understand program using C language.
The circuit diagram for the Line Follow Sensor board is shown below:
The board is connected directly to the Light IO board via PL4.
This circuit is very simple. +5V is applied via PL4 pin 4 to the circuit, and 0V is connected to pin 1 of PL4. When power has been applied, which is controlled by the processor1 board, Infra-Red LEDs D1 and D2 will emit Infra-Red light. If you
